No Antigo Testamento, os acontecimentos que marcaram a libertação do povo de Israel, no Egito, forneceram uma referência permanente para que o povo pudesse compreender, orientar e julgar todos os acontecimentos de sua história à luz da Palavra de Deus. No Novo Testamento, o novo êxodo, vislumbra a liberdade cristã: segundo Paulo, a libertação oferecida por Cristo liberta da visão legalista de justificar-se e de se alcançar a salvação por meio da observância de normas, em detrimento à graça divina (Gl (...) 5,1ss). Por isso, Paulo é chamado a anunciar o evangelho do Cristo Libertador para que, na graça, todos sejam salvos; e assim hoje, os discípulos missionários de Jesus Cristo são igualmente convocados a viver na liberdade de filhos de Deus, a fim de realizar livremente seu desígnio salvífico. (shrink)

Can we explain why some propositions are necessary? Blackburn (Fact, science, and value. Blackwell, Oxford, 1987) has presented a dilemma aimed at showing that the necessity of a proposition cannot be explained either in the case where the explanans is another necessary proposition (necessity horn) or in the case where the explanans is a contingent proposition (contingency horn). Blackburn’s dilemma is intended to show that necessary truth is an explanatorily irreducible kind of truth: there is nothing that explains why propositions (...) are necessary, nothing that makes necessary necessary truths. In this paper, I criticize the contingency horn of Blackburn’s dilemma. On the one hand, I show that the official reconstruction of the horn uses a principle that is incompatible with the notion of explanation plausibly needed to explain why propositions are necessary; on the other, I show that a simpler formulation of the horn, which does not make use of such a controversial principle, makes essential use of principles that are incompatible with the idea that possibilities can have explanatory roles. I then defend the view that possibilities can have explanatory roles, and that the explanatory role of possibilities is best represented, within possible worlds, as the existence of trans-world relations of explanation. (shrink)

According to many actualist theories of modality, possible worlds should be identified with maximal and consistent sets of actually existing propositions called "world-stories". A set of propositions is said to be maximal if and only if for every (actually existing) proposition P , either P or its negation belongs to the set. In my talk, I will claim that this conception of maximality is problematic in case what has to be represented by a world-story is the possible non existence of (...) an actual individual. A representation of the possible non existence of an actual individual is either a representation that "encodes" the explicit information that the individual does not exist or a representation that does not contain any information about the individual in question. The former case corresponds to a world-story A that contains a proposition according to which a certain actually existing object, say O, does not exist, the latter case to a world-story B that simply does not contain any proposition about O. I will claim, however, that the first way is not good for the actualist (had A been the true world-story, something directly about a possible individual would have been true) while the second conflicts with the standard notion of maximality given above. In order to fix this problem, I will first propose to characterize the notion of "actual object that would have existed, had a certain set of propositions been true". I will then recursively define an alternative conception of maximality ("local maximality") that can be applied to world-stories aiming to represent, in an actualist acceptable way, the possible non-existence of an actual object. (shrink)

Conflicts between our best philosophical theories (BPTs) and our common beliefs are widespread. For example, if eliminativism is our BPT, then our BPT conflicts with common beliefs about the existence of middle-sized composite artifacts. “Compatibilism” is the name usually given to a theoretical attitude, according to which, in the case of a conflict between BPT and a common belief P, we should try to find a reconciliation. The two major variants of compatibilism are “semantic compatibilism” (SC) and “cognitive compatibilism” (CC). (...) According to SC, to be reconciled with BPT is the “real” version of the content of our ordinary assertions; according to CC, to be reconciled with BPT is the mental state we are “really” in while thinking P. In this paper, we present a new kind of compatibilism, epistemic compatibilism (EC). According to EC, to be reconciled with BPT is the explanation of why we believe that P. After presenting EC, we will argue that it fares better than SC and CC for at least two related reasons: EC does not rely on any form of what we call semantic or cognitive “recarving”; thus, EC avoids some sceptical problems that aect the other two versions of compatibilism. (shrink)

According to Williamson, our knowledge of metaphysical necessities and possibilities is just a “special case” of our knowledge of counterfactual conditionals. This subsumption of modal under counterfactual thinking mainly serves a methodological role: to sign the end of “philosophical exceptionalism” in modal epistemology, namely the view that our knowledge of metaphysical modalities is obtained by means of a special, dedicated, possibly a priori, capacity. In this paper, I show that a counterfactual approach to modal epistemology is structurally similar to more (...) traditional “conceivability-based” approaches. On this basis, I then show that the counterfactual approach suffers some of the same problems and I conclude that it is still based on a quite exceptional capacity to determine the truth of modal metaphysical claims. Given that, for Williamson, the epistemology of thought experiments should also be subsumed under the counterfactual approach, the problem I raise in this paper has consequences for his approach to thought experiments. (shrink)

In this article, I show that (i) from what I call a “Kripkean” account of the relations between conceivability and metaphysical necessities, (ii) an apparently plausible principle relating conceivability and epistemic modality, and (iii) the duality of epistemic modalities, one can show the utterly anti-Kripkean result that every metaphysical necessity is an epistemic necessity. My aim is to present and diagnose the problem and evaluate the costs of some possible Kripkean reactions. In particular, I will evaluate the consequences and theoretical (...) costs of rejecting the main ingredients of the argument, namely that we cannot genuinely conceive the negations of metaphysical necessities, that there is no postulated relation between conceivability and epistemic possibility (actually, between unconceivability and epistemic impossibility), and that epistemic possibility and necessity are not dualities. (shrink)

The notion of validity for modal languages could be defined in two slightly different ways. The first is the original definition given by S. Kripke, for which a formula φ of a modal language L is valid if and only if it is true in every actual world of every interpretation of L. The second is the definition that has become standard in most textbook presentations of modal logic, for which a formula φ of L is valid if and only (...) if it is true in every world in every interpretation of L. For simple modal languages, “Kripkean validity” and “Textbook validity” are extensionally equivalent. According to E. Zalta, however, Textbook validity is an “incorrect” definition of validity, because: (i) it is not in full compliance with Tarski’s notion of truth; (ii) in expressively richer languages, enriched by the actuality operator, some obviously true formulas count as valid only if the Kripkean notion is used. The purpose of this paper is to show that (i) and (ii) are not good reasons to favor Kripkean valid- ity over Textbook validity. On the one hand, I will claim that the difference between the two should rather be seen as the result of two different conceptions on how a modal logic should be built from a non-modal basis; on the other, I will show the advantages, for the question at issue, of seeing the actuality operator as belonging to the family of two-dimensional operators. (shrink)

In this paper, I claim that two ways of defining validity for modal languages (“real-world” and “general” validity), corresponding to distinction between a correct and an incorrect way of defining modal valid- ity, correspond instead to two substantive ways of conceiving modal truth. At the same time, I claim that the major logical manifestation of the real- world/general validity distinction in modal propositional languages with the actuality operator should not be taken seriously, but simply as a by-product of the way (...) in which the semantics of such an operator is usually given. (shrink)

Aaccording to D. K. lewis (1973), would-couterfactuals and might-counterfactuals are duals. from this, it follows that the negation of a would-counterfactual is equiv- alent to the corresponding “might-not”-counterfactual and that the negation of a might-counterfactual is equivalent to the corresponding “would-not”- counterfactual. there are cases, however, where we seem to be entitled to accept the would- counterfactual and we are also equally entitled to accept the corresponding might-not-counterfactual and cases where we seem to be entitled to accept the might-counterfactual without (...) being equally entitled to reject the corresponding would-not-counterfactual. In this paper, I will show that a distinction between two types of rejections for counterfactuals (p-rejection and s-rejection) and the recognition that might-not-counterfactuals may play the role of p-rejections (by an application to counterfactuals of the lewisian approach to conversational scores) could explain why the problematic cases should not be seen as cases where the duality of would- and might-counterfactuals fails. (shrink)

Timothy Williamson in his article "Necessary Existents" presents a proof of the claim that everything necessarily exists using just three seemingly uncontroversial principles relating the notions of proposition with those of truth and existence. The argument, however, may be easily blocked once the distinction, introduced by R. M. Adams, between the notions of a proposition being true in a world and of (or at) a world is introduced. In this paper I defend the plausibility of the notion of a proposition's (...) being true of a world by rejecting two criticisms of it raised by Williamson; in the final section, I present a conception of propositions, according to which they are equivalence classes of mental representations, for which at least one of the principles comes out as false. (shrink)

ABSTRACT For a long time, the question of the existence of free will has fueled philosophical debate with no definitive solution. Libet’s paradigm (1983) seemed to demonstrate that simple and apparently voluntary movements could be triggered not by consciousness, but by preconscious or random brain processes. Such findings had wide repercussions in the academic and scientific circles, triggering an extensive discussion among neuroscientists, philosophers and jurists. Exploring the interfaces between neuroscience and free will, the present work aims to formulate an (...) updated synthesis of the diverse problematizations about the Libetian findings. It appears that Libet’s essay, although repeatedly analyzed and replicated in recent decades, still lacks a definitive interpretation, in part due to methodological controversies and specific conceptual shortcomings. The deepening of these investigations, combined with the new discoveries offered by neuroscience, can enrich research on free will in the coming years. (shrink)

Mystagogy and the Mystagogic method used by the Holy Fathers has been studied by theology, catechesis and liturgy, becoming an inspiration and model for christian education, especially in liturgical and sacramental theology. Mystagogy is the art of leading the faithful into the celebrated mystery, revealing it through each rite, gesture and symbol. The celebration itself provides codes and keys to enable the catechumens, neophytes and faithful to discover, little by little, the mystery that is celebrated there. The aim of this (...) paper is to identify the mystagogical characteristics and roots of the christian liturgy by studying the jewish supper liturgy and the experience lived by the Holy Fathers in their catechesis. (shrink)

O artigo discute as inovações propostas nas políticas públicas formativas implantadas no Brasil, especialmente, em contexto norte do estado de Mato Grosso e analisa as ações formativas para professores atuantes na área de Língua Portuguesa. Defendemos a tese de que, embora os empreendimentos propositivos de formação tenham alcance significativo na atualidade, insta refletir sobre novos modos para atuar junto às demandas educativas. Atentos ao mundo contemporâneo e conscientes de que a solidez se transforma em liquidez, reconhecemos, que o futuro professor (...) e aqueles em atuação devem irromper as barreiras hegemônicas educacionais, construir sua identidade com protagonismo e criticidade e intervir nas práticas situadas de linguagem. Nesse sentido, o respaldo metodológico fixa nos estudos qualitativo-interpretativistas e para tal recortamos do documento que direciona a Política Educacional do Estado de Mato Grosso, a Portaria Normativa n. 17, de 28 de dezembro de 2009, a qual dispõe sobre o Programa de Formação Nacional em Rede e a Portaria 46, de 11 de abril de 2016 e regulamenta o Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência e propomos algumas questões: a) De que forma as políticas formativas interferem/contribuem para o desenvolvimento profissional docente? Pautados na Linguística Aplicada Crítica construímos algumas asseverações, dentre elas, que as ações implementadas – e que se quer permanentes – demandam maior integração e investimento público. (shrink)

Apresentamos aqui o entrecruzamento de duas filosofias da vida, a de Renaud Barbaras, tema central desse texto, e a da Henri Bergson, que preside o ponto de vista a partir do qual nos interessamos pela fenomenologia contemporânea. Nosso objetivo é expor, de uma forma geral, como a diferença com Bergson desempenhou papel relevante na constituição da obra de Barbaras. Mais explicitamente, buscamos pontuar as referências do livro Le Désir et la Distance a Bergson e mostrar como as críticas à teoria (...) da vida como criação foram incorporadas por essa proposta original, filiada à escola fenomenológica e inspirada sobretudo por Merleau-Ponty, que entrelaça percepção e vida através do desejo. Apontamos também alguns ganhos que a leitura de Matéria e Memória, especialmente da teoria da percepção pura ali desenvolvida, recebe do confronto com a fenomenologia de Barbaras. (shrink)

Aim of this paper is to present and evaluate linguistic ersatzism, an actualist metaphysics of modality according to which possible worlds are maximal and consistent sets of sentences. In the first section, I make some general considerations about reductive theories of modality and the relation between modality and possible worlds, in the second I present a specific version of linguistic ersatzism and in the last section I present what I take to be the major problem for this kind of theories, (...) namely that of finding a suitable surrogate for the possibilist’s notion of a merely possible object. (shrink)

Microagressões raciais são degradações e humilhações sutis, veladas, inócuas, feitas muitas vezes de forma intencional, proferidas contra indivíduos em nível local e individual. No Ensino Superior, pesquisas destacam que experiências com microagressões têm levado estudantes a abandonarem seus cursos. Nesse estudo, buscamos compreender a forma como estudantes cotistas negros e negras de cursos de Ciências Exatas vivenciam microagressões raciais em sua trajetória universitária. Para isso, apresentamos resultados relacionados a uma das categorias de análise de uma pesquisa em andamento, que se (...) relaciona às vivências de 40 estudantes com microagressões raciais dentro de um contexto acadêmico. Os respondentes sofreram microagressões raciais em salas de aula, laboratórios, em atividades de campo, e com docentes, demonstrando sentimentos de desmerecimento, exclusão, desconsideração, invalidez, e invisibilidade. Diante dos relatos, os estudantes combateram ou não tal fenômeno por meio de enfrentamento individual, enfrentamento em grupo, por representatividade, por apoio profissional e por silenciamento. (shrink)

O uso de drogas é complexo e multicausal com impactos para as pessoas, famílias e sociedade. Este estudo investigou legislações, políticas públicas e estratégias, que possam diminuir vulnerabilidades e contribuir para os ODS. Foi realizado levantamento documental, em legislações e documentos, para análise da realidade social, a partir das experiências profissionais, e ainda levantamento bibliográfico, na BVS e LILACS, de 2016 a 2018. Observou-se que o Estado se mantém disciplinador e entre as políticas mais relevantes estão a Redução de Danos, (...) os CAPS e o Consultório de Rua, marcadas pelo empirismo, obstáculos e desafios em relação à universalidade e equidade. Estratégias intersetoriais, podem ser utilizadas para se obter melhores condições de saúde e bem-estar, saneamento e água, educação, trabalho. A promoção da saúde corrobora na redução das vulnerabilidades e equidade, com maior sensibilização e qualificação dos profissionais das redes de atenção social, para acolher a população com competência e dignidade. (shrink)

The entailment connective is introduced by Priest (2006b). It aims to capture, in a dialetheically acceptable way, the informal notion of logical consequence. This connective does not “fall foul” of Curry’s Paradox by invalidating an inference rule called “Absorption” (or “Contraction”) and the classical logical theorem called “Assertion”. In this paper we show that the semantics of entailment, given by Priest in terms of possible worlds, is inadequate. In particular, we will argue that Priest’s counterexamples to Absorption and Assertion use (...) in the metalanguage a dialetheically unacceptable principle. Furthermore, we show that the rejection of Assertion undermines Priest’s claim that the entailment connective expresses the notion of logical consequence. (shrink)

The incarnation of the Word marks the arrival of the fullness of times. The Holy Spirit hovers with Its shadow and power over the Virgin Mary and starts the time of realization, of the promised salvation, the Messiah's arrival. Mary is the figure of the people of Israel that waits the ultimate freedom, promised by God. In it, God mounts his tent among men and relates to the men, bringing him to a new life in the Holy Spirit.

La niñez es un tema que aparece a menudo en la filosofía de Vico. En la Sn44 la niñez del mundo es la barbarie de los sentidos y la niñez de la persona singular del siglo de las luces es la barbarie del intelecto. Deseamos en este artículo investigar en los primeros escritos de Vico las consideraciones que fueron hechas respecto a la niñez singular y que, más adelante, sirvieron de soporte para las investigaciones de los tiempos oscuros. La Vita (...) es el texto privilegiado para la realización de nuestro propósito; aunque son pocos los renglones referidos a los primeros años de la vida del filósofo, la narración del accidente –la caída por una escalera– sufrido cuando Vico tenía siete años nos ofrece la comprensión de la concepción filosófica de la niñez de Vico.Childhood is indeed a subject which appears quite often in Vico’s philosophy. In Sn 44 the world’s childhood is sense perception’s barbarism as that of the eighteen century enlightened singular person’s is intellect’s barbarism. We purport to study in this paper the account Vico gives about singular person’s childhood in his early writings which later is used to shed some light on the enquiries about the dark ages. The Vita is –or thus is claimed– a privileged text to achieve our aims and, though few are lines devoted to his own infancy, it gives the key to understanding Vico’s philosophical view of childhood. (shrink)

Commonsense ontology often conflicts with the ontology of our best scientific and philosophical theories. However, commonsense ontology, and commonsense belief systems in general, seems to be remarkably efficient and cognitively fundamental. In cases of contrast, it is better to find a way to reconcile commonsense and ”theoretical” ontologies. Given that commonsense ontologies are typically expressed within natural language, a classical procedure of reconciliation is semantical. The strategy is that of individuating the ”ontologically problematic” expressions of natural language and paraphrasing the (...) sentences in which they appear in a (formal) language whose commitments are compatible with those of our best theories. We believe that this strategy of reconciliation, though quite standard, especially in the philosophical literature, is problematic: for a start, it forces us to conclude that the ”real content” of our commonsense expressions and beliefs is different from what it appears. Commonsense ontology becomes just an illusion. We will thus propose an alternative approach: according to our view, a commonsense ontology is reconciled with a theoretical ontology in case it is shown that the explanation of why we believe in the existence of a problematic entity is compatible with our best theories. We will call this kind of reconciliation ”epistemic”. The advantage of an epistemic reconciliation is that commonsense ontology is treated in its own right and could be taken prima facie. Another advantage of the view is that epistemic reconciliation can be analysed through the notion of explaining away: a commonsense ontology is epistemically reconciled with a theoretical ontology if and only if the problematic entities of the commonsense ontology are explained away by ”respectable” entities of the theoretical ontology. In the final part of the paper, we sketch a formal analysis of explaining away. (shrink)

Resumo O presente artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa sobre os espaços de discussão criados, a partir da internet, entre os membros clérigos e leigos da Igreja Metodista, nos meses que antecederam o 18º Concílio Geral, realizado em 2006, conclave que resultou na saída da instituição dos organismos ecumênicos em que atua e que ajudou a fundar. O objetivo consistiu em avaliar as possibilidades e limitações da internet como emergente espaço público ampliado para as instituições. A análise teve como suporte (...) os fundamentos da literatura nos aspectos da história dos meios de comunicação; comunicação política, espaço público e marketing político. O suporte histórico foram os fenômenos da Reforma Protestante e do Movimento Metodista, na Inglaterra do século XVIII. Os resultados permitem inferir que as novas tecnologias apresentam desafios para as instituições como o paradoxo democratização-fragmentação da autoridade. Palavras-chave: Poder e visibilidade; Espaço público; Marketing político; Comunicação institucional; Democratização.This article is part of a research work on the discussion spaces created by the Internet for the clergy and lay members of the Methodist Church, in the months preceding the 18th General Council, carried out in 2006, and resulting in the institution’s withdrawing from the ecumenical organisms where it worked and which it help founding. The research aimed at evaluating the possibilities and limitations of the Internet as an emerging public space opened to institutions. The analysis was based on the literature concerning the history of communication media; political communication, public space and political marketing. The historical background focused on the phenomena of Protestant Reform and the Methodist Movement in 18th–century England. Results indicate that the new technologies pose challenges to institutions, such as the paradox democratization-fragmentation of authority. Key words: Power and visibility; Public space; Political marketing; Institutional communication; Democratization. (shrink)

Esse estudo traz como inquietação saber o discurso do professor sobre sua condição de trabalhador na escola pública atual. Esforçamos por tecer reflexões a partir das contribuições de Gramsci em sua teoria sobre a Educação e o papel do Estado. Os professores têm nos reveladas três categorias centrais, a saber: 1) a sobrecarga de trabalho que lhe são atribuídas; 2) os baixos salários e 3) a falta de reconhecimento social da profissão. Importa afirmar que as aproximações do pensamento gramsciano sobre (...) a educação apontam pistas para delinearmos possíveis horizontes de resistência e de construção de uma nova consciência de classe.This study brings anxiety to know how the discourse of the teacher about their status as workers in public school today. Strive to make reflections on the contributions of Gramsci in his theory on education and the role of the state. Teachers have revealed the three core categories, namely: 1) the workload assigned to it, 2) low wages and 3) the lack of social recognition of the profession. It said that the approaches of Gramscian thinking about education point out possible avenues for horizons of resistance and construction of a new classconsciousness. (shrink)

El texto siguiente trae una discusión en el campo teórico y empírico, de las relaciones entre grupos pantaneros y la naturaleza, en el entorno de las haciendas que se encuentran alrededor de Corumbá y Ladario, ciudades situadas a las márgenes del río Paraguay. En este texto, se comunican resultados parciales del proyecto de investigación acerca del conocimiento, de la cultura y de las representaciones producidas en el contexto de esas poblaciones en el proceso de apropiación de los recursos naturales. De (...) esa forma, se busca mostrar como estos grupos humanos piensan y actúan con relación al territorio pantanero. Finalmente se debate sobre las posibilidades de desarrollo local en el contexto de esas tradiciones. (shrink)

El artículo hace un contrapunto entre los conceptos de desarrollo y los de autogestión y participación en el contexto brasileño, siguiendo los complejos culturales involucrados. Para ello recorre el racionalismo de la vertiente cultural nórdica protestante y la actitud afectiva de la cultura brasilera. Finaliza con el concepto de hombre cordial en quien redidirían todas las potencialidades históricas y heurísticas de resolución de los dilemas de nuestra existencia social.

No curso A hermenêutica do sujeito, Michel Foucault propõe-se a refletir sobre duas concepções de filosofia que encontraram respectivamente nas figuras de Sócrates e de Descartes seu ponto de ancoragem. Por um lado, o “cuidado de si”, que compreende o exercício filosófico como um modo de vida que articula as dimensões epistêmicas, éticas, políticas e estéticas como constante construção de si; por outro lado, o “conhecimento de si”, que circunscreve a filosofia ao caráter epistêmico de uma busca da verdade do (...) sujeito. A comparação e a contraposição dessas duas formas de visar a filosofia, o sujeito e a verdade, são animadas por questionamentos que partem da atualidade à qual pertence Foucault e diante da qual se posiciona ao defender uma “filosofia crítica” do presente que promova a criação de novas formas de existência individuais e coletivas capazes de modificar a nós mesmos, sujeitos modernos. (shrink)

This article is an introductory presentation to Bergson’s analysis of ontological dualism and his critical dialogue with the modern tradition. The proposal of metaphysical reconstruction demands a study of Cartesian dualism to dissolve the antithetical positions of conceptual thought. In this way, Bergson’s philosophy makes an analytical dissolution of human experience and determines two domains of reality. Only the idea of duration can solve the tensions of Bergson’s dualism.Este artigo apresenta introdutoriamente a maneira como Bergson aborda o dualismo ontológico num (...) diálogo crítico com a tradição moderna. A proposta de reconstrução da metafísica em novos termos exige a passagem pela colocação tradicional dos principais problemas filosóficos, em especial o dualismo moderno, cuja origem é cartesiana. Para diluir as antíteses do pensamento conceitual, a filosofia da bergsoniana estabelece um procedimento dualista, a dissociação analítica da experiência determinando seus domínios distintos em natureza. Somente a noção de duração permite a reconciliação entre tais elementos, pensados então como ritmos do tempo. Nossa intenção é mostrar como se esquematiza tal percurso nas duas primeiras obras de Bergson. (shrink)

Esse artigo defende que as ressonâncias da filosofia de Bergson no século xx francês ultrapassam a divisão estabelecida por Foucault entre as filosofias do cogito e as filosofias de sistema. O impacto de sua obra tem como razão principal a capacidade de articular o retorno à experiência e a incorporação do trabalho de sistematização de dados realizado pelas ciências do século XIX. Tal articulação delimita o teor empirista da filosofia de Bergson, que pode ser analisado em comparação com os empiristas (...) do XVIII. Examinamos nesse contexto como o trabalho crítico dirigido às ideias abstratas que conduzem a filosofia a perder de vista o concreto é o fator de convergência entre Bergson e Merleau-Ponty. Por outro lado, mostramos que a análise filosófica sobre a biologia evolutiva relaciona o bergsonismo ao projeto epistemológico de Canguilhem. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta introdutoriamente a maneira como Bergson aborda o dualismo ontológico num diálogo crítico com a tradição moderna. A proposta de reconstrução da metafísica em novos termos exige a passagem pela colocação tradicional dos principais problemas filosóficos, em especial o dualismo moderno, cuja origem é cartesiana. Para diluir as antíteses do pensamento conceitual, a filosofia da bergsoniana estabelece um procedimento dualista, a dissociação analítica da experiência determinando seus domínios distintos em natureza. Somente a noção de duração permite a reconciliação (...) entre tais elementos, pensados então como ritmos do tempo. Nossa intenção é mostrar como se esquematiza tal percurso nas duas primeiras obras de Bergson. (shrink)